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By
MIDAO
In the ever-evolving world of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), governance remains a critical challenge. Recent events involving Nouns DAO and Aragon have highlighted the vulnerabilities inherent in current governance models, particularly those relying heavily on token-based voting systems. This article delves into these case studies, exploring the lessons learned and potential solutions for creating more resilient DAO governance structures.
Decentralized governance is at the heart of the DAO concept, but implementing it effectively has proven to be a complex task. As Adam Miller, co-founder of MIDAO and host of the "Just DAO It" podcast, points out in an interview with Al Mithani from BCard:
"DAO governance is still a pain, and two recent projects have struggled with 'raiders' overtaking their organizations."
This statement encapsulates the current state of DAO governance – a landscape filled with potential but also fraught with challenges.
Many DAOs rely on token-based voting systems, where governance rights are directly tied to token ownership. While this model aims to align incentives and give stakeholders a voice, it can also create vulnerabilities.
Al Mithani, known as "Links" in the DAO space, explains:
"It's kind of inevitable when you have a permissionless system like this. It's a market, and there's a market for these tokens—these governance tokens. And if the treasury has a certain value and the market for the tokens goes low enough, there's an arbitrage opportunity."
This market dynamic can lead to situations where the governance tokens become undervalued relative to the DAO's treasury, creating opportunities for profit-seeking actors to gain control.
To understand these challenges better, let's examine two recent cases that have sparked discussions in the DAO community.
Nouns DAO, known for its unique NFT-based governance model, recently faced a situation where a group of investors saw an opportunity to profit from the DAO's structure.
Miller describes the scenario:
"They essentially said, 'Hey, look, 50% of the governance rights cost, let's say, X dollars at market rates, but there's 2X in the treasury. So, maybe we should buy half the governance rights and then vote to pay ourselves the money. We've now made a 100% profit overnight.'"
This situation highlights a fundamental vulnerability in token-based governance systems. When the market value of governance tokens falls below the book value of the DAO's treasury, it creates an arbitrage opportunity that can be exploited.
Aragon's case presents a different set of challenges, primarily related to the role of centralized entities within DAOs. Miller explains:
"From the beginning, there's been an Aragon Foundation, a legal entity. We talk about this a lot on the show. I always tell people to beware when they see a foundation because that means there's a board of the foundation, and that board is in charge of at least something."
The Aragon situation revealed a disconnect between the perception of decentralized governance and the reality of centralized control through the foundation. This led to confusion and controversy when decisions were made that didn't align with token holders' expectations.
These case studies offer valuable lessons for the DAO community. Here are some key takeaways:
One of the most critical lessons is the need for clear documentation and transparency in DAO operations. Miller emphasizes:
"If I were to give one piece of advice for DAOs today, based on what I've seen, it would be to really focus on transparency and good documentation. Especially if everything is happening digitally with people spread all over the world."
Clear documentation helps prevent misunderstandings about roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes. It also provides a foundation for resolving conflicts when they arise.
The vulnerabilities exposed in these cases have led to discussions about alternative governance models. One such model is the dual governance structure used by Optimism, as mentioned in the article by Max Parasol:
"The idea is to have a dual governance structure where one group is in charge of day-to-day operations, and then another group, maybe the token holders at large, have more of a veto power."
This approach aims to balance operational efficiency with broader community oversight, potentially mitigating some of the risks associated with pure token-based voting.
Understanding that governance tokens operate in a market environment is crucial. Mithani points out:
"Some people would say that's the system working as intended."
While this perspective may be controversial, it highlights the need for DAOs to design their governance systems with market dynamics in mind. This could involve mechanisms to maintain alignment between token value and treasury value or implementing time locks and other safeguards against rapid takeovers.
The Aragon case underscores the importance of carefully considering the role of legal entities within DAOs. Miller notes:
"There are some really successful models, by the way, for incorporating what I would call true DAOs with foundations or other legal structures. You can really be a DAO. You can be transparent with your community and operate very effectively."
Finding the right balance between decentralized governance and necessary legal structures remains a key challenge for many DAOs.
Based on these lessons, here are some strategies DAOs can consider to enhance their governance resilience:
Consider adopting a dual governance structure or other multi-layered approaches that separate day-to-day operations from major decisions affecting the DAO's future.
Prioritize clear, accessible documentation of governance processes, roles, and responsibilities. This should include regular updates to the community about the DAO's operations and financial status.
When creating governance tokens, consider mechanisms that help maintain alignment between token value and treasury value. This could include vesting schedules, lock-up periods, or other economic incentives.
Consider implementing time-locks on major decisions, requiring a quorum for votes, or using quadratic voting to prevent large token holders from dominating governance.
If incorporating a foundation or other legal entity, clearly define its role and limitations within the DAO ecosystem. Ensure this information is transparent to all stakeholders.
Encourage active participation from a diverse group of stakeholders. An engaged and informed community can serve as a safeguard against potential governance attacks.
As the DAO ecosystem continues to evolve, we can expect to see further innovations in governance models. Mithani reflects on the current state:
"Yeah, it's still so early in the experiment, but I think that's the best thing about DAOs—the willingness to experiment."
This spirit of experimentation, combined with the lessons learned from early challenges, holds promise for the development of more robust and effective DAO governance systems.
Miller adds an optimistic note:
"I think in crypto, with DAOs, you can create any of the old structures, but also new structures and models, right? You can divvy up governance and ownership rights in new and different ways."
This flexibility offers the potential for DAOs to create governance models that are more resilient, inclusive, and aligned with their specific goals and values.
The governance challenges faced by Nouns DAO, Aragon, and others serve as important lessons for the entire DAO ecosystem. While these issues highlight vulnerabilities in current governance models, they also provide valuable insights for creating more robust systems.
As Miller concludes:
"We're really just seeing the early stages of experimentation with these new models. I don't think we've seen a lot of conclusive results yet."
This perspective underscores the importance of continued experimentation, learning, and adaptation in the DAO space. By embracing transparency, carefully designing token economics, implementing multi-layered governance structures, and fostering active community engagement, DAOs can work towards creating governance systems that are both effective and resilient.
The path forward for DAO governance is not without challenges, but it's filled with potential. As the community continues to learn and innovate, we can expect to see the emergence of new models that balance decentralization with effective decision-making, paving the way for a new era of organizational governance.